Spotlight on Springfields Nuclear Fuel Manufacturing Plant by Radiation Free Lakeland

Springfields Nuclear Fuel Manufacturing Plant SPOTLIGHT ON SPRINGFIELDS

“Nuclear Safety Starts Here” at the far side of Preston New Road

It Ends Here

Thanks to Kick Nuclear, Close Capenhurst, Radiation Free Lakeland and Nuclear Trains Action Group. 1

'Given the very significant radiological risk associated with production at Springfields, and the fact that the major population centre of Liverpool is down-wind, it's truly astonishing that more attention hasn't been paid to this facility. This well-researched document opens the lid on the can of worms that is Springfields' Dr Paul Dorfman The Energy Institute University College London

April 2018

Published by Wildart Books ISBN No 978-0-9571485-6-7

INTRODUCTION This briefing is a snapshot of hard earned knowledge gained by campaigners. It is a work in progress and aims to shine a Spotlight on Springfields ‘Hex’ and some reasons for concern – •

In 1989 M. A. Simpson of BNFL Springfields wrote: “The fuel and enrichment divisions within BNFL are involved in some 4000 lorry journeys per year covering the transport of non-irradiated fuel elements as well as the feed materials and intermediate products of the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle.” (Transportation for the Nuclear Industry Edited By D.G. Walton, S.M. Blackburn)

•

Flasks used by the nuclear industry to carry deadly radioactive material around the country could explode, causing nuclear disaster. Research by French scientists found that the flasks were only able to resist fire for less than three minutes. The flasks transport uranium hexafluoride, or "hex"- used to make fuel for nuclear power stations.

•

As well as being radioactive, hex reacts with air to produce hydrofluoric acid. This is a gas, which can destroy the lungs. The nuclear industry transports hex to Russia, the United States and Europe from its Springfields nuclear plant in Preston.

CONTENTS 1 2 3 4

HISTORY OF SPRINGFIELDS MANAGEMENT OF SPRINGFIELDS WHAT SPRINGFIELDS DOES: BASIC INFORMATION ON URANIUM HEXAFLOURIDE OR ‘HEX’ 4.1 HEX IN THE FUEL CYCLE 4.2 CAMECO AND HEX 5 SPRINGFIELDS PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES 6 STORAGE OF HEX IN CYLINDERS 7 FUTURE OF THE PLANT, DECOMMISSIONING AND WASTE DUMPING 7.1 7.2

DECOMMISSIONING DUMPING OF NUCLEAR WASTE

7.3

ENRICHED URANIUM FOUND IN FRESH WATER

8 SPRINGFIELDS KNOWN CONTRACTS 9 DANGER OF CRITICALITY? CONCLUSION - DUCKS BEING LINED UP FOR MORE NUCLEAR FUELLED MADNESS?

HISTORY OF SPRINGFIELDS:

Springfields is the world’s first nuclear fuel production installation (grid reference SD468315) based at the end of Preston New Road, in Salwick, near Preston, Lancashire, England. Springfields started out as a Royal Ordnance Factory in 1940 producing chemical weapons despite the UK signing up to the Geneva Convention in 1925 banning the use of those weapons. (PDF Ministry of Supply – Springfields https://rhydymwynvalleyhistory.co.uk/documents/Springfields.pdf) Springfields was rapidly decommissioned after the WW2 production of mustard gas. The site was cleaned up and handed over to the nascent Atomic Energy Authority to prepare uranium ore and to chemically separate out plutonium from the waste produced by the Windscale reactors (Windscale is now known as Sellafield, there are now no operating reactors). This plutonium was used to make atomic bombs. Springfields was the first nuclear plant in the world to produce fuel for an industrial-scale plutonium-producing nuclear power station (Calder Hall, 1956, adjacent to Windscale/Sellafield). Now, nuclear fuel and materials are sent worldwide from Springfields, including to Russia. The fuel for all the UKs reactors is made at Springfields who are being encouraged by government to prepare for producing even more dangerous “high burn” fuel for new nuclear builds at: Sellafield, Wylfa, Sizewell, Bradwell, Oldbury, Hartlepool and Heysham. Our European neighbours, who have banned new nuclear and are adopting nuclear phase out, look upon the UK Government’s nuclear new build policy in disbelief. Springfields is key to the UK’s dangerous new nuclear build policy. Springfields has, however, operated for many decades under a veil of secrecy with little public scrutiny or outrage at the nuclear nightmare being birthed at the end of Preston New Road.

MANAGEMENT OF SPRINGFIELDS:

The Springfields site is run by Westinghouse, recently taken over by an asset management company ‘Brookfield Business Partners’ on a lease from the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA). The NDA took over responsibility for the then British Nuclear Fuels Limited's (BNFL) sites in 2005. Since its conversion from a munitions factory in 1946 Springfields had been operated and managed by a number of different organisations including the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) and BNFL. Fuel products are produced for the UK’s nuclear power stations and for international customers. The Company’s website can be found at http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/springfields/About

WHAT SPRINGFIELDS DOES: 1. Production of oxide fuels for advanced gas-cooled and light water reactors, as well as intermediate fuel products (uranium dioxide powders, granules, and pellets). 2. Production of uranium hexafluoride, or "hex" from uranium ore concentrates. This 'hex' is sent to Capenhurst, where it is enriched, and then sent back to Springfields for reconversion into UO2 and manufacture of fuel rods. (Note: Capenhurst in Cheshire was a BNFL site which originally housed a diffusion plant that ceased operating in 1982. The diffusion plant enriches the Uranium 235 from .7% occurring naturally to the 3.5% to 4.5% needed for reactor fuel. The site now focuses on the decommissioning and storage of uranic materials. Capenhurst is also home to the first commercial scale centrifuge plant for the enrichment of uranium. Capenhurst is owned by Urenco. The British Treasury is a one-third owner of Urenco Ltd. (During May 2015 May the UK ownership of URENCO was moved from the Shareholder Executive to the UK treasury.) The Dutch government owns a third and the German electricity companies EON and RWE own the final third. See http://close-capenhurst.org.uk/). 3. Processing of fuel-cycle residues (i.e. after the fuel has been irradiated in reactors) 4. Decommissioning and demolition of redundant plants and buildings.

Further information by WISE (World Information Service on Energy, http://www.wiseuranium.org/epeur.html#BNFLSPRFCONV )

BASIC INFORMATION ON URANIUM HEXAFLOURIDE OR ‘HEX’:

Uranium hexafluoride (UF6), referred to as "hex" in the nuclear industry, is a compound used in the uranium enrichment process that produces fuel for nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. It forms solid grey crystals at room temperature/pressure, is highly toxic, reacts violently with water and is corrosive to most metals. It reacts mildly with aluminium, forming a thin surface layer of AlF3 that resists further reaction. Preparation Milled uranium ore - U3O8 or "yellowcake" - is dissolved in nitric acid, yielding a solution of uranyl nitrate UO2(NO3)2. Pure uranyl nitrate is obtained by solvent extraction, then treated with ammonia to produce ammonium diuranate ("ADU", (NH4)2U2O7). Reduction with hydrogen gives UO2, which is converted with (HF) to uranium tetrafluoride, UF4. Oxidation with fluorine yields UF6. During nuclear reprocessing, uranium is reacted with chlorine trifluoride to give UF6: U + 2 ClF3 → UF6 + Cl2 4.1

HEX IN THE FUEL CYCLE

UF6 is used in both of the main uranium enrichment methods - gaseous diffusion and the gas centrifuge method - because it has a triple point (temperature at which it exists as gas, liquid and solid; used for separation) at 64.05 °C (147 °F, 337 K) and slightly higher than normal atmospheric pressure. Fluorine has only a single naturally occurring stable isotope, so isotopologues of UF6 differ in their molecular weight based solely on the 5

uranium isotope present. When spun in a centrifuge, the heavier atoms (Uranium 238) move to the outside and the lighter (Uranium 235) move to the inside. All the other uranium fluorides are nonvolatile solids that are coordination polymers. Gaseous diffusion requires about 60 times as much energy as the gas centrifuge process: gaseous diffusion-produced nuclear fuel produces 25 times more energy than is used in the diffusion process, while centrifuge-produced fuel produces 1,500 times more energy than is used in the centrifuge process. 4.2

CAMECO AND HEX

Canadian company Cameco has used the Springfields plant, "Cameco controls the production capacity of the plant through a ten year toll-processing agreement, 2006 2016." "Under the agreement, Springfields Fuels Ltd. can process up to 5 million kgU of uranium trioxide (UO3) from Blind River to UF6. Cameco markets UF6 from Springfields to its customers around the world." However, in 2014, "Cameco announced … that it will end its toll-conversion agreement with Springfields Fuels Ltd. (SFL) effective December 31, 2014. . . With the current weak market for UF6 conversion we can meet our customer requirements from our Port Hope conversion facility and benefit from better utilization of existing assets,” Tim Gitzel, Cameco’s president and CEO. Mick Gornall, Managing Director of Westinghouse’s UK fuel operations said: “Although this is disappointing news, we have a robust business plan going forward – with uranium recovery, a lifetime AGR fuel contract, PWR fuel and intermediates supply, as well as the prospects of new build in the UK and worldwide." Failure of Fuel Rods: The nuclear industry had fuel failure rates in 2006 of an average of some 14 leaks per million rods loaded [IAEA 2010]. The annual US failure rate is about one in one million (i.e. five rods per year). 5

SPRINGFIELDS PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES:

- OVERVIEW (info from Westinghouse website) Fuel manufacture The raw material used to make nuclear fuel is uranium. Rock is taken from mainly opencast mines all over the world. The ore that is taken contains around 1.5% uranium. To concentrate the uranium content, the ore is ground, treated and purified using chemical and physical processes. This results in a solid uranium ore concentrate which contains around 80% uranium. After further purification and conversion processes the uranium arrives at Springfields as enriched Uranium Hexafluoride (UF6). Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor Fuel The Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) is unique to the UK and is the second type of nuclear reactor to be run in the UK. In all, 14 AGR reactors have been built and run in the UK since 1963. AGR fuel is made from uranium dioxide powder. An AGR fuel element is made up of uranium oxide pellets stacked inside stainless steel tubes. These tubes are then grouped together in a graphite 'sleeve' to form a 'fuel assembly'. An AGR assembly is made up of 36 steel tubes, each containing 64 pellets. 6

How is AGR fuel made? •

Use of HT - IDR (High Throughput - Integrated Dry Route) for UF6 reconversion to UO2.

•

Enriched Uranium Hexafluoride arrives at Springfields and is converted to uranium dioxide (UO2) powder in a kiln using process called the 'Integrated Dry Route' (IDR).

• The Integrated Dry Route is a unique process which changes UF6 into a ceramic grade uranium dioxide powder, in a single stage. This is done by mixing it with steam and hydrogen in a kiln. • The UO2 powder is then processed again, pressed, heated on a furnace and ground to produce the fuel pellets. The fuel pellets (which are about the size of a thimble) are stacked inside a fuel tube. • Once the tubes are sealed and pressurised, they are put together in the graphite 'sleeve' to form the AGR fuel assembly. Light Water Reactor Fuel Light Water Reactors (LWRs) are used throughout the world. The fuel for Light Water Reactors is a type of oxide fuel and the Oxide Fuels Complex at Springfields has the capability to produce this type of fuel. How is Light Water Reactor fuel made? LWR fuel uses the same manufacturing process as for AGR fuel. The fuel pellets (which are smaller than an AGR pellet) are loaded inside zirconium alloy tubes, which are about three metres long. It is then pressurised, sealed and fitted inside a pre-assembled framework to form a fuel assembly, then the assembly is inspected before being sent to the reactor. A typical LWR fuel assembly is made up of 264 zirconium alloy tubes, each containing about 300 pellets. Uranium Recovery Westinghouse has several facilities at the Springfields site to process residues. They can handle varying volumes of material – from a few kilograms to many tonnes – and perform pre-processing services, such as sampling, material sorting, size reduction, de-canning and re-drumming. In recent years, Westinghouse has characterised and processed around 50,000 residue drums comprising over 1,000 different residue types generated in over 60 years of nuclear fuel research and manufacture. Intermediate Products As well as making nuclear fuel, Springfields also produces intermediate uranium products such as enriched uranium dioxide powder, granules and pellets. It also has the capability to produce Uranium Hexafluoride. How are uranium dioxide powder, granules and pellets made? Uranium Hexafluoride (UF6) is turned into a gas which is then fed into the Integrated Dry Route (IDR) kiln. Here the gas is changed into UO2 using the IDR process. The UO2 powder is then sifted and blended and either granulated and pelleted to be produced into nuclear fuel or stored before it is exported to customers throughout the world. How is uranium hexafluoride (UF6) made? Springfields also contains the Uranium Hexafluoride production facilities capable of 7

producing around 5000teU (twenty foot equivalent unit, or container) per annum. Uranium tetrafluoride (UF4) that has been chemically processed from natural uranium ore concentrates provides the feed material for UF6 production. UF4 is reacted with fluorine gas in a fluidised bed reactor to form UF6. The UF6 formed is first trapped in condensers by cooling and then liquefied by a heating process. The liquid UF6 is run-off into transport cylinders using remote handling equipment. The liquid solidifies on cooling. The UF6 is transported to enrichment organisations throughout the world. The enriched UF6 can then be converted into uranium oxide fuels for Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactors and Pressurised/Light Water Reactors. Mined uranium ore contains about 1.5 percent uranium metal. After crushing and treatment it is turned into uranium trioxide, which is the raw material used at Springfields. The uranium trioxide is processed chemically into uranium tetrafluoride before being used to make nuclear fuels. The plant typically processes 5,000 tonnes of uranium trioxide annually. Magnox reactor fuel comprises uranium metal fuel rods inside magnesium alloy cans. Springfields supplied fuel for all the UK Magnox reactors and for the only two Magnox reactors outside the UK (in Japan and Italy). 6

STORAGE OF HEX IN CYLINDERS:

About 95% of the depleted uranium produced to date is stored as uranium hexafluoride, DUF6, in steel cylinders in open air yards close to enrichment plants. Each cylinder contains up to 12.7 tonnes (or 14 US tons) of solid UF6. In the U.S. alone, 560,000 tonnes of depleted UF6 had accumulated by 1993. In 2005, 686,500 tonnes in 57,122 storage cylinders were located near Portsmouth, Ohio, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Paducah, Kentucky. The long-term storage of DUF6 presents environmental, health, and safety risks because of its chemical instability. When UF6 is exposed to moist air, it reacts with the water in the air to produce UO2F2 (uranyl fluoride) and HF (hydrogen fluoride) both of which are highly corrosive and toxic. Storage cylinders must be regularly inspected for signs of corrosion and leaks. The estimated lifetime of the steel cylinders is measured in decades. There have been several accidents involving uranium hexafluoride in the United States, including a cylinder-filling accident and material release at the Sequoyah Fuels Corporation in 1986. The U.S. Government has been converting DUF6 to solid uranium oxides for disposal. Such disposal of the entire DUF6 inventory could cost anywhere from $15 million to $450 million. 7

FUTURE OF THE PLANT, DECOMMISSIONING AND WASTE DUMPING:

7.1

DECOMMISSIONING:

Manufacture is scheduled to continue until 2023. Old plants and redundant buildings are being decommissioned and demolished as part of the on-going decommissioning programme. 8

Decommissioning process plants starts with the removal of the majority of activity contained within the plant. This is known as Post Operational Clean Out. Once this is complete the plant may be dismantled. Waste from both these phases will be disposed of to disposal sites such as Drigg or Sellafield. Springfields decommissioning and clean-up operations started in 1990 with the post operational clean-out of the old UKAEA Springfields Nuclear Fuels Laboratories. Since this time the site has undergone an intensive decommissioning programme. 87 buildings on the site have been demolished. DECOMMISSIONING BNFL SPRINGFIELDS BUILDING B62 "Customer: BNFL, 2017. Value: ÂŁ0.6 million. This project involved the decontamination, demolition and site remediation of Building B62 for British Nuclear Fuels Limited, located within a live nuclear fuel processing plant at Springfields near Preston. Various previous processes had left a cocktail of contamination, including uranium oxide, chemical residues from the production of tear gas and mustard gas, together with asbestos sheeting and lagging."

7.2

DUMPING OF NUCLEAR WASTE:

In 2000 residents complained about nuclear waste dumped in the River Ribble building up near their bend in the river at Penwortham. (http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/6087232.Nuclear_bosses_explain/?ref=arc ) Royal Society Chemistry study here, (behind paywall.) (https://www.stem.org.uk/resources/elibrary/resource/33982/radioactive-discharges-riverribble ) Lancashire County Council "Presently, authorisations to dispose of low level radioactive waste at Clifton Marsh are held by waste producers covering the nearby Springfield nuclear fuels manufacturing site at Clifton and a site at Capenhurst in Cheshire. SITA UK estimates that waste from these sites made up approximately 2.5% by weight of the disposals at Clifton Marsh in 2007, which would be equivalent to less than 4,000 tonnes of waste. The types of waste covered within the general description of LLW include some day- today operational wastes from nuclear facilities as well as building rubble, soils and steel work arising from the dismantling and demolition of nuclear facilities. The majority of this waste is received in steel drums or unpackaged. It is deposited in a trench dug into the previously deposited conventional waste and covered with a 1.5m layer of conventional waste. The location of these burials is recorded to ensure against uncontrolled excavations." (council.lancashire.gov.uk/documents/s3641/Report.pdf )

THE SPRINGFIELDS ARCHIVE (from the Radiation Free Lakeland blog) History of nuclear waste dumping into the River Ribble by Springfields. 1. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Springfields site boasts that it has already produced several million fuel elements and provided products and services for over 140 reactors in more than 12 countries. 9

This activity is set to explode with new build” ( https://mariannewildart.wordpress.com/2013/10/14/the-river-ribble-birthing-the-nuclearnightmare/ ) 2. “Nuclear safety officials at the centre of an atom scare today admitted that for almost 45 years they have not carried out full radiation tests along the River Ribble.” Lancashire Evening Post ( https://mariannewildart.wordpress.com/2014/08/19/the-river-ribble-birthing-the-nuclearnightmare-2nd-installment-of-the-springfields-archive/ ) 3. “Radmil monitoring organisation, the County Council’s now defunct nuclear watchdog, had tested the Ribble and there was no radiation along it from granite. The elements which formed the source of the Ribble pollution could only have come from Springfields.” ( https://mariannewildart.wordpress.com/2017/01/14/3rd-installment-of-the-springfieldsarchive-something-is-wrong-the-river-ribble-birthing-the-nuclear-nightmare/ ) 7.3

ENRICHED URANIUM FOUND IN FRESH WATER

Deepdale Brook flows through the Springfields site, which flows into Savick Brook, which flows into the River Ribble. The British Geological Survey performed a pilot study on the isotopic composition of uranium found in stream sediments near nuclear fuel facilities in the United Kingdom. Samples were collected between 1979 and 1989 downstream from the following facilities: • Drigg, Cumbria (part of the Sellafield complex), • BNFL Springfields facility, near Preston (conversion and fuel fabrication), • URENCO Capenhurst uranium processing complex (enrichment) Uranium concentrations found in Drigg and Springfields stream sediments were about 20 times background, while those in Capenhurst were up to about 3 times background. Uranium anomalies identified using G-BASE data - Natural or anthropogenic? A uranium isotope pilot study, by SRN Chenery, EL Ander, KM Perkins, B Smith; British Geological Survey, Internal Report IR/02/001, 34 p., Keyworth, Nottingham 2002 U-238/U-235 isotope ratios observed in stream sediments at Drigg and Springfields were in a 114.0 - 125.4 range (corresponding to 0.79 - 0.86 wt_% U-235), while those observed in Capenhurst were in a 54.8 - 63.0 range (corresponding to 1.55 1.77 wt_% U-235). For comparison: the U-238/U-235 Ratio for natural uranium is 137.9, corresponding to 0.72 atom-percent, or 0.711 weight-percent U-235.

SPRINGFIELDS KNOWN CONTRACTS:

1. Supply of all AGR (Advanced Gas Reactor) fuel to EDF UK. 2. Intermediate products (UO2) powder and granules manufactured and delivered to customers, various. 3. LWR fuel for EDF France, for PWRs, plus Sizewell PWR (UK). New line for PWR RFA 1300, (14 feet long) as well as current PWR RFA 900 fuel, (12 feet long.) 10

4. Planning to be making fuel for three AP 1000s (Westinghouse) at Moorside, near to Sellafield. However, these reactors may be replaced by Korean models, APR 1400, (some commentators say these may be cancelled, due to bankruptcy of Westinghouse and withdrawal of Toshiba but UK government is determined to push ahead). Use of HT - IDR (High Throughput - Integrated Dry Route) for UF6 reconversion to UO2. 5. New contract with KNF (Korean Nuclear Fuels) for export of UO2 powder. 6. Sale of 'depleted uranium' (residue left over after enrichment) to Russia to 'make use of their excess enrichment facilities'. Natural uranium ore is about .7% and U 235, is enriched to around 4% to use as fuel (4.8% in LWRs, 3.5% in AGRs), leaving 'tailings' which still contain U 235 but less than the original .7%. The size of this trade unknown, hidden and politically sensitive. Both Springfields and Capenhurst export 'depleted' uranium to Russia. The quantity is not known. When asked under a Freedom Of Information request how much was involved (2017), the Office of Nuclear Regulation (ONR) said that to dig out such information, (which they hold) would be "too burdensome ... due to the cost and time required to review and process information". ( https://miningawareness.wordpress.com/2018/03/05/the-uk-refuses-to-producedocuments-related-to-nuclear-materials-contracts-with-the-soviet-union-during-the-coldwar-citing-costs/ ) Since 1996, the German division of uranium manufacturer Urenco has also been sending the waste from its uranium enrichment process – such as unusable uranium hexafluoride and uranium tails – to Russia. The total quantity of depleted uranium waste imported into Russia over the past decade is somewhere near 100,000 tons. 7. Uranium recovery services Note: The current global annual demand for LWR fuel fabrication services is expressed as a requirement for about 7000 tonnes of enriched uranium being made into assemblies. Requirements for PHWRs account for an additional 3,000 t/year and the Gas-cooled Reactor market for around 400 t/year.... typically 16 to 20 tonnes per year per GW. 9

DANGER OF CRITICALITY?:

The major process safety concerns at nuclear fuel fabrication facilities are those of fluoride handling and the risk of a criticality event if insufficient care is taken with the arrangement of fissile materials. Both risks are claimed to be managed through the rigorous control of materials. Fuel fabrication facilities operate with a strict limitation on the enrichment level of uranium that is handled in the plant – this cannot be higher than 5% U-235, essentially eliminating the possibility of inadvertent criticality. Criticality is still a danger, as shown by this statement from the Office for Nuclear Regulation "The licensee is currently proposing to change the location of the Criticality Assembly Point to a more modern facility. This facility would be used, in the extremely unlikely event of a criticality event occurring on the site, to promptly assess people evacuating from the part of the site where a criticality event may have occurred. The proposed new facility was inspected on 1 May 2015 and this was followed up by an inspection by three ONR inspectors of a small-scale demonstration emergency exercise, on 26 June 2015, at which the operation of the proposed new Criticality Assembly Point was successfully 11

demonstrated to ONR. These inspections served to enhance regulatory confidence in the adequacy of the licensee’s implementation of the ‘on site’ emergency plan arrangements." A release of UF6, hex, is also a danger. It is toxic, and burns/explodes in contact with moisture in the air. International transport to and from enrichment/fabrication facilities therefore presents a constant danger. (See Hamburg fire. http://www.greenbuildingpress.co.uk/article.php?article_id=1475 ) As do enrichment facilities themselves. Hex Transport "The nuclear flasks that could explode. Another scandal has hit British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL), owner of the crisis-ridden Sellafield nuclear plant. Flasks used by BNFL to carry deadly radioactive material around the country could explode, causing nuclear disaster. Research by French scientists found that the flasks were only able to resist fire for less than three minutes. The flasks transport uranium hexafluoride, or "hex"-used to make fuel for nuclear power stations. As well as being radioactive, hex reacts with air to produce hydrofluoric acid. This is a gas, which can destroy the lungs. BNFL transports hex to Russia, the United States and Europe from its Springfield nuclear plant in Preston. Train lines across the country carry this deadly cargo around Birmingham and through north London." (from Socialist Worker, 8th April 2000.) Report from the Guardian (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2000/apr/01/energy.nuclearindustry ) Other reports, from Survey into the Radiological Impact of the Normal Transport of Radioactive Material in the UK by Road and Rail, by A L Jones and T Cabianca, PHECRCE-035, Public Health England, March 2017. “4.1.2 Movements of radioactive material from the fuel fabrication facility In the UK the facility at Springfields manufactures nuclear fuel for both Advanced GasCooled Reactors (AGR) and pressurised water reactors (PWR). Table 3 provides a breakdown of the consignments and packages transported from Springfields during 2014 by package type. The total number of packages shipped in 2014 was 3,421, transported in 326 consignments, being over 1674.4 tons. Of these packages the largest number was represented by 1,520 Type A packages containing enriched UO2 powder destined for other fuel fabrication plants in Europe; all transports to continental Europe were made by road to a seaport for onward shipment. The number of consignments of nuclear fuel for either AGR or PWR power stations was 79 containing just over 600 packages, each with a typical TI (tons) of 0.4.” (Full report here.. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/survey-of-the-transport-ofradioactive-material-by-road-and-rail Further information, see http://www.wiseuranium.org/epeur.html#BNFLSPRFCONV and http://www.wiseuranium.org/efac.html ) Gamma radiation. An aerial survey of gamma radiation in the area was done in1992 eprints.gla.ac.uk/57327/

The Environment Agency claim that the total dose from Springfields is well below the limit of 1 milli Sievert a year. There is a great deal of evidence however suggesting that what officials underestimate is hazard from cumulative low radiation doses, and that the problem lies with internal contamination. http://www.llrc.org/llrc/wobblyscience/subtopic/average.htm It is argued that Springfields contamination is overshadowed by Cs 137 from Sellafield found in the River Ribble estuary. This distracts from the fact that all the fuel burnt in reactors and taken as spent fuel to Sellafield, originates at Springfields nuclear fuel manufacturing plant. Coloured maps in the report (extract above) show Springfields to be a significant source. “All effluent and domestic sewage is discharged through a gravity flow pipeline into the River Ribble estuary. Effluent from toxic plants is treated in delay chambers before discharge” https://rhydymwynvalleyhistory.co.uk/documents/Springfields.pdf. Office for Nuclear Regulation "On 31 March 2014, the licensee had informed ONR and the workforce that the closure of the uranium hexafluoride production plant, and its supporting facilities, had been brought forward from 2016, such that production operations ceased at the end of August 2014. The plant has now completed the process of having the radioactive materials cleaned out and has been placed into a ‘Care and Maintenance’ regime, pending a potential medium term future restart of production. A project to potentially restart the plant at a future date was discussed with the nominated site inspector on 18 June, with an acceptable outcome. As a consequence of the cessation of uranium hexafluoride production, reductions in the workforce were implemented in two tranches, at the end of December 2014 and at the end of March 2015. ONR remained content with the licensee’s management of the nuclear safety aspects of these organisational changes, associated with reductions in the site workforce." Filter blown outside of Springfields Fuels Ltd uranium conversion plant building "During night shift hours of 10/11 October [2012], an environmental discharge filter, contaminated with low levels of uranium tetrafluoride powder, became pressurised, and detached from its housing. This caused the filter to be released from the Hex Plant building on to nearby walkways, outside the building, but contained within the site." (Quarterly site report for the Springfields Fuels Limited site. 1 October 2012 to 31 December 2012. HSE Office for Nuclear Regulation, Jan. 2013)

CONCLUSION DUCKS BEING LINED UP FOR MORE NUCLEAR FUELLED MADNESS? In January 2018 Lancaster Business View reported: José Emeterio Gutiérrez, president and CEO of Westinghouse, said: “Brookfield’s acquisition of Westinghouse reaffirms our position as the leader of the global nuclear industry. Our transformation and strategic restructuring process is creating a stronger, stable, and more streamlined global Westinghouse business, for the benefit of our customers and employees.” The acquisition is “expected to close in the third quarter of 2018, subject to Bankruptcy Court approval and customary closing conditions including, among others, regulatory approvals.” The nuclear industry … too many vested interests within the nuclear civil military complex to fail?

Too big to challenge?

More info: VIDEOS 1. Movietone report, 1950's. One minute long. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zJ78LUupAs 2. Manufacture of rods. 2 min 12 sec. No sound. Similar to 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1W4EVQQWSY 3. Dumping from Springfields, Sellafield. 53 minutes. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9auzctxGuck 4. Inside Sellafield 1989 63 mins. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6mpz7FcCTU 5. Windscale - The Nuclear Laundry 1983 60 mins. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gidQewCtTqY 6. http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/video/uranium-238-being-handled-and-machinedinto-rods-stock-video-footage/mr_00058314 42 seconds.

Photo taken at Springfields in 2017 showing both new and rusty old canisters of Uranium Hexaflouride In 2017 the Office for Nuclear Regulation increased the Emergency Evacuation Area around the Springfields plant saying:

“It would be appropriate and reasonably practicable to include all of the villages of Lea Town and Clifton within the determination of a revised REPPIR off-site emergency planning area for Springfields Fuels Ltd.” “The vulnerable group at Lund Pre-School is considered to be immediately adjacent to the minimum defined emergency planning area for the Springfields Fuels Ltd. Site and should be included in the REPPIR off-site emergency planning area”

http://www.onr.org.uk/pars/2017/springfields-17-001.pdf

https://kicknuclear.com/

http://close-‐capenhurst.org.uk/ http://wildar4.wixsite.com/radiation-‐free-‐land

http://www.nonucleartrains.org.uk/

Published by Wildart Books ISBN No 978-0-9571485-6-7