ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

I. Methodology

II. Mapping Research Exceptions in Comparative Copyright

Open Research Exceptions

Restrictions of Research Uses to Quotation and Excerpts

Restrictions on Uses, Works and Users

Restrictions on Sharing

Restrictions to Private Reproduction

Restrictions to Institutional Users

Restrictions on Types of Works

III. Excerpts of Research Exceptions in Comparative Copyright

Open Research Exceptions

Antigua and Barbuda

Article 52 .General Exceptions. Research and Private Study

Article 54. Determining fair dealing

Australia

Section 40. Fair dealing for purpose of research or study

Section 49. Reproducing and communicating works by libraries and archives for users

Austria

Section 60d: Text and Data Mining

Bahamas

Section 58. Research and private study and teaching.

Section 60. Fair Dealing

Section 68. (Exceptions affecting Libraries and Archives: Libraries)

Bangladesh

72. Certain acts not to be infringement of copyright

Barbados

Section 51. Research and private study

Section 53. Fair Dealing

Section 61. Supply by librarian of copies of published work

Belize

Article 56. Research and Private Study

Article 58. Determining Fair dealing

Article 67. Supply by librarian of copies of published work

Brunei Darussalam

Section 33. General (fair dealing)

Section 42. Copying by librarians articles in periodicals.

Canada

Section 29. (Research, private study, etc.)

Section 30.1. (Libraries, Archives and Museums)

Section 30.2. (Research or private study)

China

Article 22. (Exceptions to copyright)

Cyprus

Section 7(2)(a). (Exceptions)

Estonia

Section 19. Free use of works for scientific, educational, informational and judicial purposes

Section 20. Free use of works by public archives, museums or libraries

Eswatini

Article 4. Infringement of copyright (Fair dealing for research)

Hong Kong SAR

Article 38. Research and private study

Article 47. Copying by librarians: articles in periodicals

India

Article 52. Certain acts not to be infringement of copyright

Ireland

Article 50. Fair dealing: Research or private study

Article 51. Fair dealing: criticism or review

Article 61. Copying by librarians or archivists: articles in periodicals.

Israel

Article 19. Fair Use

Article 30. Permitted Uses in Libraries and Archives

Jamaica

Section 52. Research and Private Study

Section 53. Criticism, Review and Reporting

Section 54. Determining Fair Dealing

Section 62. Supply by Librarian of Copies of Published Work

Section 63. Supply of Copies to Other Libraries

Japan

Article 30-4. Exploitations not for enjoying the ideas or emotions expressed in a work

Article 31(1). Reproduction, etc. in libraries, etc.

Article 47-4. Exploitation etc. of works associated with the exploitation of works on a computer

Article 47-5. Minor exploitation, etc. associated with data processing on a computer and provisions of such results

Article 47-7. Transfer of copies made pursuant to restrictions on the right of reproduction

Kenya

Article 26. Nature of copyright in literary, musical or artistic works and audio-visual works (Fair dealing for research)

Liberia

Section 9.8. Fair Use

Section 9.13. Reproduction by Libraries and Archives

Liechtenstein

Article 22. Privileged uses of the work

Article 48. Protection of Databases. Exceptions

Malaysia

Article 9. Copyright in published editions of works

Article 13. - Nature of copyright in literary, musical or artistic works, films and sound recordings (Fair Dealing)

Malta

Article 9. Restriction with regard to certain works (Private use, library, research)

Mauritius

Article 16. Private reproduction for personal purposes

Article 19. Reproduction and other utilisation for teaching and scientific non-commercial purposes

Article 20. Reproduction by libraries and archives

Myanmar

Article 2 (includes private study)

Namibia

Article 15. General exceptions regarding protection of literary and musical works

Article16. General exceptions in respect of reproduction of works

New Zealand

Section 43. Research or private study

Section 51. Copying by librarians of parts of published works

Section 56B. Additional conditions for supply of copy of work in digital format by librarian or archivist under section 51, 52, or 56

Nigeria

Article 53. Second Schedule - Exceptions from Copyright Control

Philippines

Section 185.1. Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work.

Section 187. Reproduction of Published Work

Section 188. Reprographic Reproduction by Libraries

Republic of Korea

Article 30. Reproduction for Private Use

Article 35-3. Fair Use of Works, etc.

Germany

Section 60c. Scientific research

Section 60d. Text and data mining

Section 60e. Libraries

Section 87c Limitations on the rights of makers of a database

Grenada

Section 9. Private reproduction for personal purposes

Section 11. Reproduction and other utilization for teaching

Section 12. Reproduction by libraries and archives

Guyana

Section 6. General Exceptions from Protection of Literary, Dramatic and Musical Works

Section 7. Special exceptions as respects libraries and archives.

Section 9. General Exceptions from Protection of Artistic Works.

Saint Kitts and Nevis

52. Research and private study.

54. Determining fair dealing.

Saint Lucia

Section 55. Research and private study.

Section 57. Determining Fair Dealing

Singapore

Article 35. Fair dealing in relation to works

Article 45. Copying by libraries and archives for users

Slovakia

Section 42: Making a Copy of Work for Private Purpose

Section 43. Reprography

Section 44. Using of Work for Educational and Scientific Purpose

South Africa

Article 12. General exceptions from protection of literary and musical works

Sri Lanka

Section 11. Fair use

Section 12 (personal use & library)

Taiwan

Article 51. (Private/personal use)

Article 65. (Fair use exception)

Thailand

Section 32. (Exceptions to Infringement of Copyright)

Section 34. (Libraries)

United Kingdom

29. Research and private study.

Section 29A. Copies for text and data analysis for non-commercial research

Section 40B. Libraries and educational establishments etc: making works available through dedicated terminals

Section 42A. Copying by librarians: single copies of published works

United States of America

17 U.S.C. § 107

Zambia

Article 21. Acts which do not constitute infringements

Zimbabwe

Article 24. Fair dealing for purposes of research or private study

Article 29. Fair dealing for purposes of criticism, review or news reporting

Restrictions to Reproduction

Afghanistan

Article 40. Situations of Use of Work and Adaptation

European Union (EU)

Article 3. Text and data mining for the purposes of scientific research

Article 4. Exception or limitation for text and data mining

Article 5. (Libraries)

Bulgaria

Article 24. - Permissible Free Use without Payment of Compensation (includes libraries)

Art. 25 - Permissible Use Against Compensation

Ghana

Section 19. Permitted use of work protected by copyright

Section 21. Permitted use of protected copyright work by library and archive

Samoa

Section 6. Economic Rights

Section 8. Private reproduction for personal purposes

Section 8A. Reproduction for purposes of research or private study

11. Reproduction by libraries and archives

Switzerland

Article 19. Private use

Article. 20 Remuneration for private use

Article 24d. Use of works for the purposes of scientific research

Vietnam

Article 25. (Permission and payment requirements)

Indonesia

Article 44. (Use, retrieval, duplication, and amendment of a copyright work or a related right)

Article 46. (Private/personal use)

Article 47. (library or archives)

Restrictions to Private Use

Andean Decision

Article 3. (Definitions: Private use)

Bangui Agreement

Article 11. Free Reproduction for Private Purposes

Article 14. Reprographic Reproduction by Libraries and Archive Services

Benin

Article 13. (Private/personal performance)

Article 14. (Private Use)

Article19. (Reprographic Reproduction by libraries and archives)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Article 46. (Private and other Internal Reproduction)

Burkina Faso

Article 21. (Private/personal use)

Cameroon

Section 29. (Reproduction exception)

Central African Republic

Chad

Article 34. (Reproduction exceptions)

Article 36. (library or archive)

Colombia

Article 37. (private use)

Article 38. (public libraries)

Article 44. (Use in private residence)

Congo, Rep.

Article 33. (Copyright exceptions)

Costa Rica

Article 74. (Private/personal use)

Côte d'Ivoire

Article 24. (Private/personal use)

Czech Republic

Article 30 - Free Uses

Article 30a - Reproduction on Paper or Other Similar Base

Article 25. - Right to Remuneration in Connection with Reproduction of Work for Personal Use and for Legal Person’s Own Internal Use

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

Article 32. Use of copyrighted work without permission

Denmark

Section 12. Reproduction for Private Use

Section 16 a. Archives, Libraries and Museums

Section 23. Use of Works of Fine Art, etc.

Djibouti

Article 54.­ Limitations to copyright

Article 57.­ Reproduction license

Dominican Republic

Article 37. (Private/personal use)

Egypt

Article 171. (Reproduction exceptions)

El Salvador

Article 45. (Copyright exceptions)

Eritrea

Article 1656. Private performances free of charge.

Art. 1660. Limitation of speeches or articles.

Ethiopia

Article 9. Reproduction for Personal Purposes

Article 12. Reproduction by Libraries, Archives and Similar Institutions

32. Limitations of right

Fiji

Section 42. Research or private study

Section 43. Exemption from copyright infringement

Article 49. Copying by librarians of parts of published works

Finland

Note: The text below was machine translated.Section 12(1). Production of copies of works for private use

Section 14. Use of works in teaching and scientific research

Gabon

Article 33. (Private/personal use)

Greece

Article 18. Reproduction for private use

Article 22: Libraries and archives

Guinea

Article 10. (Private/personal use)

Honduras

Article 47. (private/personal use)

Article 48. (private/personal use)

Article 49. (Public libraries)

Iceland

Note: The text below was machine translated.Article 1. (literary or artistic works)

Article 11. (Private/personal use)

Article 12. (public archives, public libraries, museums, etc )

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Article 8. (Libraries)

Article 11. (Private/personal use)

Italy

Note: The text below was machine translated.Article 64 sexies. (Exceptions to Database Protection)

Article 68. (Reproductions of works)

Article 70. (Quotation, research)

Article 71 ter. (Communication rights)

Jordan

Article 17. Use of published works

Article 20. Libraries

Lesotho

Section 9. Free use (personal “transformation”; reproduction by library)

Libya

Article 12. (Private/personal use)

Madagascar

Article 42. Private Use

Article 49. Collections and Preservation

Malawi

Article 38. (Personal or Private)

Art 48. Libraries, archives, museums, scientific and educational institutions

Mali

Note: The text below was machine translated.Bangui Agreement Article 11

Mauritania

Note 2: This country is also a member of the Bangui Agreement.

Article 42. (Libraries reproduction)

Mexico

Article 148. (Research)

Mongolia

Article 24. Exceptions and limitations

Mozambique

Article 9. Reproduction for Private Purposes

Article 12. Reprographic Reproduction for Libraries and Archive Services

Netherlands

Note: The text below was machine translated.

Section 15h. (Libraries)

Section 16b (personal use)

Niger

Note: This country is also a member of the Bangui Agreement.Article 9. Free Reproduction for Private Purposes

Article 12: Reprographic Reproduction by Libraries and Archive Services

Norway

Section 26. Copy for private use

Poland

Article 23. (Personal use)

Article 27. (Research Use)

Portugal

Article 75. Free Use

Article 76: Requirements.

Qatar

Article 18. (includes personal use and quotation rights)

21.2 (Libraries)

Romania

Article 33

Article 34 (Personal Use)

San Marino

Note: The text below was machine translated.Article 98. (Private use)

São Tomé and Príncipe

Article 75: Scope

Article 76: Requirements

Saudi Arabia

Article 15: Exceptions

Senegal

Article 40. Reproduction for private use.

South Sudan

Section 14. Restrictions on Copyright

Spain

Art 31(2).

Article 32. Quotes and reviews and illustration for educational or scientific research purposes.

Sudan

Section 14. Restrictions on Copyright

Togo

Article 20. (includes personal use)

Tunisia

Article 10. (Private/personal use)

Article 13 (libraries)

Turkey

Article 38. (Personal/private use)

Uganda

Article 15. Fair use of works protected by copyright

United Arab Emirates

Article 22.

United Republic of Tanzania

Article 12: Free Use (Private Use)

Yemen

Article 40 (Personal Use)

Article 42 (Library Right)

Restrictions to Institutional Uses

Albania

Article 72. The reproduction of the works for private and personal use

Article 73. Reprographic reproduction

Article 75. Restrictions on the Benefit of Special Institutions (Library Copies)

Burundi

Article 26. (Reproduction without authorization)

Article 82. (Research exception)

Cabo Verde

Article 62 - Unrestricted Use (Includes Library provisions)

Article 72 - Other Uses (includes 'scientific purposes')

chinaChile

Artículo 71 J. (Libraries and archives)

Article 71K. (Electronic reproduction)

Article 71N. (Private/personal use)

Cook Islands

Article 14. Copying for research or private study

Section 18. Translations of works

Section 20. Copying by libraries, archives, museus, and galleries

Croatia

Article 82. Reproduction of the work for private or personal use

Article 84. Restrictions for the benefit of particular institutions

Article 85. Collections intended for teaching or scientific research

Cuba

Article 38. On the Use of a Work without the Author's Consent and without Remuneration

Dominica

Section 63. Private reproduction for personal purposes.

Section 66. Determining fair practice

Section 68. Reprographic reproduction by libraries and archives

Ecuador

Article 211. Fair use

Article 212. Acts that do not require authorization for their use

Kiribati

20. Copying by Cultural Institution

Latvia

Section 21. Use of a Work for Educational and Research Purposes

Section 23 Use of works for libraries, archives and museums

Sweden

Article 16 (Libraries)

Restrictions on Types of Works That Can Be Used in Research

Algeria

Article 41. (Private/personal Use)

Article 45. (Library Copies for Research and Education)

Andorra

"Article 7: Private reproduction for purposes personal

Angola

Copyright Law, 2014 (Lei n.°15/14 de 31 de julho de 2014, dos Direitos de Autor e Conexos) (Angl.), https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/503105Note: The text below was machine translated.

Article 51. (Use, unauthorized bids)

Armenia

Article 22. Free Use of a Work (excerpts)

Article 23. Reproduction of a Work for Private Purposes

Article 24. Reprographic Reproduction of a Work

Azerbaijan

Article 17. Free Use of Works and Phonograms for Personal Purposes

Article 18. Reprographic reproduction of works by libraries, archives and educational institutions.

Bahrain

Article 19. (Private/personal use)

Article 22 (Libraries)

Belarus

Article 35. Representation of Works and Objects of Related Rights for Personal Purposes

Article 37. Free Use of Works by Libraries and Archives

Bhutan

Section 10. (Private/personal use)

Section 13. (Reprographic Reproduction by Libraries and Archives)

Botswana

Article 13. Private reproduction for personal purposes

Article 16. Reprographic reproduction by libraries and archives

Belgium

Art. XI.190. (Private/personal use)

Article XI.190.

Article XI.190.

Cambodia

Article 24. (private reproduction)

Article 25. (Library exception)

France

Article L122-5. (Private/personal use)

Gambia

Article 27. Private reproduction for personal purposes

Article 31. Reprographic reproduction by libraries and archives

Georgia

Article 21(1). Reproduction of a work by natural persons for personal use

Article 22: Reprographic copying of a work by libraries, archives and educational institutions

Article 23. Use of a work without consent of the author and without paying remuneration

Haiti

Article 8 (Private Use)

Hungary

Article 35. (Cases of free use)

Kazakhstan

Section 18. Reproduction of a work for personal purposes without the consent of the author or other copyright holder and without payment of royalties

Section 20. Use of Works by Reproduction

Kyrgyzstan

Article 20. Use of works by libraries, archives and educational organizations

Lebanon

Article 23. (Private/personal use)

Article 24 (Preclusions to Private Use)

Lithuania

Article 20. Reproduction of Works for Private Use

Article 20.1 . Reprographic Reproduction of Works for Private Use

Article 22. Reproduction of a Work for the Purpose of Illustration of Teaching or Scientific Research

Luxembourg

Article 10. (includes research, private use, and library exceptions)

Maldives

Section 12. Private reproduction for personal purposes

Montenegro

Article 52. Duplication for private and other internal needs

Morocco

Article 12. Free Reproduction for Private Purposes

Art. 16 Free Reprographic Reproduction by Libraries and Archive Departments

Nicaragua

Article 31. (personal use)

Oman

Article 20. Free Uses of Works

Palau

Section 7. Private reproduction for personal purposes.

Section 10. Reprographic reproduction by libraries and archives.

Papua New Guinea

Article 8. Private Reproduction for Personal Purposes

Article 12. Reprographic Reproductions by Public Institutions

Paraguay

Article 38. (Communication)

Article 44. (Personal use)

(Chapter IV Rights to Compensatory Remuneration

Peru

Article 48. (Private/personal use)

Republic of Moldova

Article 26. Reproduction of Works for Personal and Private Use

Article 27. Reprographic Reproduction by Libraries, Archive Services and Other Establishments

Article 28. Other Exceptions and Limitations

Russian Federation

Article 1273. Free Reproduction for Personal Purposes

Article 1275. Free Use of Works by Libraries, Archives and Educational Organisations

Rwanda

Article 203: Private reproduction for personal purposes

Article 207: Free reprographic reproduction by libraries and archives

Serbia

Article 46. (personal use)

Seychelles

Article 9: Private reproduction for personal purposes

Section 13. Reproduction by Libraries and Archives

Sierra Leone

Section 10. Economic rights of authors

Section 27. Private reproduction for personal purposes

Slovenia

Article 50: (Private and other own reproduction)

Tajikistan

Article 19. Reproduction of Works for Personal Purposes without Consent of Authors and Payment of Royalty

Article 20. Use of a work without the consent of the author and without payment of royalties, but with the obligatory indication of the name of the author and source of borrowing (includes library)

Tonga

Article 8. Private reproduction for personal purposes

Article 12. Reprographic reproduction by libraries and archives

Trinidad and Tobago

Article 9. Private reproduction for personal purposes

Article 12. Reprographic reproduction by libraries and archives.

Turkmenistan

Article 18. Reproduction of personal goals

Section 20. Use of Works and educational (reprographic reproduction) libraries, archives institutions

Ukraine

Article 22. Free Reproduction by Libraries and Archives Reprographic copies of a work

Article 23. Free reproduction of copies of a work for study

Article 25. Free reproduction of works for personal purposes

Uzbekistan

Article 25. Reproduction of works for personal purposes without the consent of the author and without payment of remuneration

Section 27. Use of Works by Reprographic Reproduction

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Article 44. (The following shall be considered lawful reproductions)

Excerpts Only

Argentina

Article 10.

Bolivia

Article 24. (Quotation)

Brazil

Article 46. (Private use/Quotation)

Congo, Dem. Rep.

Art.24 (Quotation)

Guatemala

Article 63. (Communication exceptions)

Article 64. (Reproduction exceptions)

Monaco

Article 16. (Quotation)

Nepal

Article 16. Reproduction allowed for personal purpose

Pakistan

Article 57. (Copyright exceptions)

Panama

Article 67. (Private/personal use)

Article 68. (Reproduction and reprography)

Uruguay

Article 42. (Paying Public Domain)

Article 44. (Unlawful reproduction)

Article 45. Exceptions for Reproduction